General Business and Management
This is an attempt to organize my notes by topic. Stress on "attempt," as it's rather a wreck right now, and I expect it always will be.
Marketing and Sales
- Advertising Transformed (Books)
- Fons Van Dyck (Kogan Page: 2014)
- Observation and theory about the way in which advertisers must change their practices to remain effective in the digital age.
- The Art of Influence without Manipulation (Books)
- Rob Jolles (Berrett-Koehler: 2013)
- A process-oriented approach to persuading prospects in the sales process that, while not entirely without manipulation, is at least more subtle than traditional approaches to selling.
- The Art of Selling to the Affluent (Books)
- Matt Oechsli (Wiley: 2005)
- Considers the mindset and motivations of affluent customers ($100K+ annual household income) and the specialized sales tactics that must be used to appeal to them.
- The Branded Mind (Books)
- Erik du Plessis (Kogan Page: 2011)
- This book provides a rational examination of the application of brain science to marketing, avoiding the hype and disinformation that generally surround the topic.
- Brand Psychology (Books)
- Jonathan Gabay (Kogan Page: 2015)
- Rather a succotash of random topics related to the way in which psychology influences brand perception and engagement.
- Brand Turnaround (Books)
- Karen Post (McGraw-Hill: 2012)
- Considers the factors that leave a brand vulnerable to attack as well as strategies for recovering after a publicity crisis.
- Brand Seduction (Books)
- Daryl Weber (Career Press: 2016)
- A plausible exploration of the emotional (rather than rational) bases of buying decisions and consumer loyalty.
- Branding Your Business (Books)
- James Hammond (Kogan Page: 2011)
- While rife with flaws, this book takes a fairly comprehensive swipe at the notion of brand and the ways it can be built, maintained, and leveraged.
- Building Customer-Brand Relationships (Books)
- Don E. Schultz et. al. (M. E. Sharpe: 2009)
- This book atttempts to identify some of the flaws in traditional marketing practices, with an eye toward replacing them with notions better suited to the contemporary arena of customer-brand relationship management.
- Built to Love (Books)
- Peter Boatwright and Jonathan Cagan (Berrett-Koehler: 2010)
- Considers the emotional aspects of the relationship between customers and brands, specifically looking to the way they factor into consumer preference.
- Buyer Behaviour (Articles)
- Frank Atkinson (Ventus: 2010)
- This booklet wanders through a few topics pertaining to salesmanship: considering the personality, motivation, and negotiation styles of consumers.
- Conversion Optimization: The Art and Science of Optimized Marketing (Books)
- Chris Goward (Sybex: 2013)
- Focusing primarily on small to medium-sized operations, this book provides some guidance for improving conversion rates by altering the design elements of web sites.
- CRM Fundamentals (Books)
- Scott Kostojohn et. al. (Apress: 2011)
- A general description of customer relationship management systems and programs, light on practical details, but thorough on managing the processes and projects required to implement a CRM program.
- Consumer Behaviour in the International Restaurant Sector (Books)
- Donald Sloan (Taylor and Francis: 2004)
- A collection of articles that consider the customer experience in the food service industry, which serves as an apt model for goods and service retail in general.
- Customer Loyalty: How to Earn It, How to Keep It (Books)
- Jill Griffin (Bass: 2002)
- A consideration of customer loyalty, a notiuon that is not entirely new, but merely being revived as the era of mass-marketing draws to a close.
- Customer Relationship Management (Articles)
- Roger Baran, Christoher Zerres, and Michael Zerres (June 2010)
- This article provides a brief overview of the current state of customer relationship management.
- Customer Relationship Management Essentials (Books)
- John W. Gosney and Thomas P. Boehm (Premier Press: 2000)
- A guide for businesses that wish to regain their lost relationship with their customers.
- Fundamentals of Marketing (Books)
- Eugene Johnson (AMACOM: 2002)
- A survey of some of the basic principles of marketing, largely from a traditional (pre-internet) consumer marketing perspective.
- Generational Selling Tactics that Work (Books)
- Cam Marston (Wiley: 2011)
- Suggest methods for adjusting marketing and sales tactics to appeal to the specific values, beliefs, and preferences to the primary age groups in the current US marketplace.
- The Human Brand (Books)
- Chris Malone (Jossey-Bass: 2013)
- A somewhat mediocre consideration of the way people (consumers, employees, investors, and other stakeholders) relate to people, products, brands, and companies.
- Introduction to Mobile Advertising (Articles)
- Lawrence Harte (Althos: 2008)
- Presents information about advertising targeted to mobile devices.
- Learning from Customer Defection (Articles)
- Frederick Reichheld
- While companies have a vague sense that customer loyalty is important, few recognize the impact of defection, or have effective methods and metrics to address the phenomenon.
- The Luxury Strategy (Books)
- Jean-Noel Kapferer and Vincent Bastien (Kogan Page: 2012)
- Considers the idiosyncrasies of the luxury market, which is significantly different and often diametrically opposed to traditional mass marketing practices.
- Marketing without Advertising (Books)
- Michael Phillips and Salli Rasberry (Nolo: 1997)
- Examines the (much neglected) methods for product promotion, public relations and brand and reputation building other than paid advertisement.
- Landing Page Optimization (Books)
- Tim Ash (Sybex: 2008)
- This book deals with an essential and often overlooked aspect of promotion: once you have attracted visitors to you Web site, what do you do with them?
- Multichannel Marketing: Metrics and Methods (Books)
- Akin Arikan (Sybex: 2008)
- A guide for measuring the impact of marketing efforts with an eye toward an inclusive approach that measures the impact of all channels.
- Persuading Customers When They Ignore Marketing (Books)
- Bryan Eisenberg, Jeffrey Eisenberg and Lisa T. Davis (Nelson: 2006)
- A process-oriented approach to considering the customer's perspective when offering goods and services in a competitive and communicative global market.
- Persuasive Technology (Books)
- B.J. Fogg (Kaufmann Publishers: 2003)
- A psychological perspective on the use of computer technology toward affecting the attitudes and behaviors of users.
- Predictably Irrational (Books)
- Dan Ariely (HarperCollins: 2008)
- This book considers that not all economic decisions are made with perfect information and flawless reason - but unfortunately takes the opposite extreme in the argument.
- The Relationship Edge (Books)
- Jerry Acuff and Wally Wood (John Wiley & Sons: 2007)
- A book is about relationship management in meatspace that has some insights that may be worth considering for Web and social media.
- Relationship Marketing (Books)
- Martin Christopher et. al. (Taylor and Francis: 2002)
- An overview of relationship marketing and the customer value chain as an alternative to the organization-centric transactional approach.
- Relevance: The Power to Change Minds and Behavior (Books)
- Andrea Coville (Bibliomotion: 2014)
- A somewhat rambling consideration of the value of relevance in a competitive market
- Retail Analytics: The Secret Weapon (Books)
- Emmett Cox (Wiley: 2012)
- Explores the use of customer data (primarily market basket data) as a means to analyse and influence consumer purchasing behavior.
- Sales Mastery (Books)
- Chuck Bauer (Wileu: 2011)
- Tips and advice for personal selling from a seasoned industry veteran.
- Secrets of Selling Services (Books)
- Stephan Schiffman (McGraw-Hill: 2013)
- Considers some of the peculiarities that are pronounced when attempting to convince customers of the value and reliability of an intangible.
- Scientific Selling (Books)
- Nancy Martini and Geoffrey James (Wiley: 2012)
- While stilted to promote services sold by the authors' consulting firm, this book also provides some general information on the use of applied psychology to improve sales and sales management.
- The Shopper Economy (Books)
- Liz Crawford (McGraw-Hill: 2012)
- Explores the notion of providing payment (cash or other rewards) to shoppers for various activities on the path to, but not inclusive of, purchasing products.
- Social Media Marketing for Business (Books)
- Eileen Brown (BCS: 2010)
- A perspective on some ways in which commercial organizations can leverage social media, primarily to engage with customers
- Social Media Marketing Handbook (Books)
- Darren Barefoot and Julie Szabo (No Starch Press: 2010)
- A guide for marketing professionals who are seeking to leverage social media as a marketing channel.
- The Third Screen (Books)
- Chuck Martin (Brealey: 2011)
- A fairly reasonable consideration of the mobile channel, covering customer behavior and ways in which commercial interests can leverage the channel without becoming intrusive.
- Using Emotions to Make Your Message Memorable (Books)
- Vikas Gopal Jhingran (Career Press: 2014)
- In verbal communications, maintaining the interest of your audience and leaving a lasting impressions depends on the emotional impact of your speech.
- Web Metrics (Books)
- Jim Sterne (John Wiley: 2002)
- A discussion of methods for assessing Web site data to provide meaningful information for decision making.
- Why Service Stinks ... and Exactly What to Do About It (Books)
- T. Scott Gross (Kaplan: 2004)
- An examination of problems with service in the retail industry that identifies key issues that degrade customer experience.
Project Management
- Agile: An Executive Guide (Articles)
- Jamie Lynn Cooke (IT Governance: 2011)
- A booklet that provides a brief overview of the "agile" approach to software development and project management.
- The CIO Paradox (Books)
- Martha Heller (Bibliomotion: 2013)
- A collection of anecdotes, quotes, and random advice for technology executives seeking to seize power within organizations.
- Developing Effective Websites (Books)
- Roy Strauss and Patrick Hogan (Focal Press: 2001)
- Guidance for managing Web site development projects, which are significantly different than typical business projects, and slightly different from software development ones.
- On Line, On Time, On Budget (Books)
- Mark Kozak-Holland (MC Press: 2002)
- Recommended practices to avoid or mitigate risk in online projects, as a method of reducing the cost/time of dealing with problems in both development and production.
- Practical Guide to Project Planning (Books)
- Ricardo Viana Vargas (Auerbach Publications: 2008)
- A quick overview of project management using the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), a reference developed by a professional association.
- Writing Better Software Requirements (Books)
- Ben Rinzler (John Wiley & Sons: 2009)
- A common-sense approach that departs from the current practice of complex and incomprehensible documentation techniques to arrive at clear, compelling, and usable requirements documents.
- What is Six Sigma? (Books)
- Pete Pande and Larry Holpp (McGraw-Hill: 2002)
- A concise overview of the Six Sigma methodology - but it should be approached with caution, as the tone is extremely promotional and polemical.
Leadership and Personnel
- Becoming an Effective Leader (Books)
- Harvard Business School Publishing (Harvard Business School Publishing: 2005)
- A collection of articles, case studies, essays, and other short works on the topic of leadership.
- Building Respected Companies (Books)
- Jordi Canals (Cambridge University Press: 2010)
- Analyzes the reputation of a firm from a perspective of the social responsibility in a manner that is compatible with and derivative from the its mission and purpose.
- Built on Values: Creating an Enviable Culture (Books)
- Ann Rhoades and Nancy Shepherdson (Jossey-Bass: 2011)
- Makes a case for the benefits of having a values-driven culture and provides a high-level plan for effecting it within commercial organizations.
- Corporate Politics for IT Managers (Articles)
- Keith Patching and Robina Chatham (Butterworth-Heinemann: 2000)
- An explanation of the positive value of corporate politics for IT managers, who are presumed to be disdainful of the topic.
- Creating Engaged Employees (Books)
- William J. Rothwell (ARTR: 2014)
- A brief overview of the concept of engagement and its potential benefit to commercial organizations.
- The Discomfort Zone (Books)
- Marcia Reynolds (Berrett-Koehler: 2014)
- Uncomfortable conversations can be highly productive in making positive changes in behavior. They should not be avoided, and in some instances should even be initiated.
- Fear in Organizations (Books)
- Sheila M. Keegan (Kogan Page: 2015)
- A consideration of the incidental and intentional use of fear in organizations that, while unscientific and unsystematic, provides insights that may be valuable in creating a culture of innovation.
- Find Out Anything: Secrets Of Calculated Questioning (Books)
- James O. Pyle (Career Press: 2014)
- A (rather too) fundamental approach to interrogation and questioning as a means to information gathering and discovery.
- First-Level Leadership (Books)
- Vivette Payne (American Management Association: 2005)
- The theory and practice of leadership on the lowest level of an organization, working directly with the front-line workers
- Game Theory in Everyday Life (Books)
- Len Fisher (Basic Books: 2008)
- A (too) basic examination of the application of game theory to foster cooperation in situations that are otherwise prone to conflict.
- How to Manage the People Who Deliver Technology (Books)
- Paul Glen (Jossey-Bass: 2003)
- Guidance on giving good leadership to technology workers, for whom most of the traditional approaches to leadership are ineffective.
- Increasing Human Efficiency in Business (Books)
- Walter Dill Scott (Macmillan: 1911)
- Describes various applications of psychology as a means of modifying human behavior to improve efficiency, which in turn yields improvement in quality, quantity, and speed of productive activity.
- Leading Your Smartest, Most Creative People (Books)
- Rob Goffee and Gareth Jones (Harvard Business Press: 2009)
- Considers the changes in management and organizational practices necessary to leverage the minds, rather than merely the hands, of knowledge workers.
- A Manager's Guide to Human Behavior (Books)
- Matthew Reis and Judith Geller (AMA: 2010)
- Discusses a number of areas of management in which an understanding of human behavior would be helpful ... but without actually conveying knowledge about human behavior.
- Peer-to-Peer Leadership (Books)
- Mila N. Baker (Berrett-Koehler: 2014)
- Proposes that a decentralized form of leadership and a networked organizational structure is not only beneficial but necessary in competitive markets.
- Practical Guide to Project Planning (Books)
- Ricardo Viana Vargas (Auerbach Publications: 2008)
- A quick overview of project management using the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), a reference developed by a professional association.
- The Psychology of Human Leadership (Books)
- Michael Paschen and Erich Dihsmaier (Springer: 2014)
- While this book touches only superficially on its declared topic (psychology) it nonetheless provides some interesting theories about the role, function, and method of a leader.
- The Psychology of Thought Control (Books)
- Joost Meerloo (WPC: 1956)
- Written during the 20th century Cold War, this book describes tactics (and countertactics) that are applicable to organizations in the present day.
- Quiet Leadership (Books)
- David Rock (HarperCollins: 2006)
- Prescribes a methodology for leadership intended to develop and leverage thinking skills, as opposed to commanding mindless obedience.
- Reengineering the Corporation (Books)
- Michael Hammer and James Champy (HarperCollins: 2011)
- Revives the concept of reengineering organizations, changing processes to radically alter the organization rather than less dramatic and effective measures such as automation and efficiency improvement.
- Smart Tribes (Books)
- Christine Comaford (Gildan Media: 2013)
- An approach to making positive cultural changes within the organization based on the notion that leaders often scare their people into mediocrity.
- Tangling with Tyrants (Books)
- Tony Deblauwe (2006)
- Meant as a manual for employees who are dealing with bad management, this is an interesting read in the context of any relationship in which power is imbalanced.
- Traits of a Jackass Manager
- Charles A. Sennewald (Butterworth-Heinemann: 2012)
- A booklet taht listsnegative behaviors that, while obviously damaging to staff and the firm, are still quite common.
- The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership (Books)
- John C. Maxwell (Nelson: 1998)
- A superchurch pastor shares insight on leadership as duty and service rather than power and control.
- U.S. Army Leadership Field Manual (Books)
- Center for Army Leadership (CWL Publishing: 2004)
- A guide to leadership in the military, including the character, skills, and practices for providing leadership on various levels of a structured organization.
- What is Six Sigma? (Books)
- Pete Pande and Larry Holpp (McGraw-Hill: 2002)
- A concise overview of the Six Sigma methodology - but it should be approached with caution, as the tone is extremely promotional and polemical.
Strategy and Tactics
- Beating the Commodity Trap
- Richard A. D'Aveni (Harvard Business Press: 2010 )
- A systematic consideration of the three types of commoditization and the methods firms can use to escape, persever, or even exploit commoditization under varying market conditions.
- Building Respected Companies (Books)
- Jordi Canals (Cambridge University Press: 2010)
- Analyzes the reputation of a firm from a perspective of the social responsibility in a manner that is compatible with and derivative from the its mission and purpose.
- Built on Values: Creating an Enviable Culture (Books)
- Ann Rhoades and Nancy Shepherdson (Jossey-Bass: 2011)
- Makes a case for the benefits of having a values-driven culture and provides a high-level plan for effecting it within commercial organizations.
- Built to Love (Books)
- Peter Boatwright and Jonathan Cagan (Berrett-Koehler: 2010)
- Considers the emotional aspects of the relationship between customers and brands, specifically looking to the way they factor into consumer preference.
- Creative Strategy (Books)
- Chris Bilton and Stephen Cummings (Wiley: 2010)
- Considers the ways in which firms fall into uncreative patterns and the difficulty in introducing creativity into the planning process.
- Critical Thinking and Creativity (Books)
- Joe Y. F. Lau (Wiley & Sons: 2011)
- A primer in the basic skills of problem-solving, including both critical and creative thinking techniques.
- Consumer Behaviour in the International Restaurant Sector (Books)
- Donald Sloan (Taylor and Francis: 2004)
- Considers the way in which the food service industry strives to accommodate custmer demand, which serves as an apt model for goods and service retail in general.
- The Design of Business (Books)
- Roger Martin (Harvard Business Press: 2009)
- To become innovative, a company must adopt a distinctly different set of practices and characteristics than merely seeking to become efficient at existing practices.
- Design-Driven Innovation (Books)
- Roberto Verganti (Harvard Business Press: 2009)
- Considers innovation from a management perspective: not how to be innovative as an individual, but how to lead an organization toward innovation.
- Essential Business Tactics for the Net (Books)
- Larry Chase (John Wiley & Sons: 1998)
- An overview of various approaches to utilize Internet technology to support business operations (written before the dot-com crash, so approach with caution).
- Hyperformance: Using Competitive Intelligence (Books)
- T.J. Waters (Josey-Bass: 2010)
- A general overview of theory, methods, and practices in gathering and using information about markets, organizations, and individuals to reduce uncertainty in strategic planning and tactical maneuvers.
- The Internet and American Business (Books)
- William Aspray and Paul E. Ceruzzi (MIT Press: 2008)
- A collection of articles intended to provide a broader perspective into the nature of the Internet and its impact on American business.
- The Luxury Strategy (Books)
- Jean-Noel Kapferer and Vincent Bastien (Kogan Page: 2012)
- Considers the idiosyncrasies of the luxury market, which is significantly different and often diametrically opposed to traditional mass marketing practices.
- Outthink the Competition (Books)
- Kaihan Krippendorff (Wiley & Sons: 2012)
- Outlines an approach to competition that advocates developing a unique strategy rather than becoming more efficient as the same activities as competitors.
- Reengineering the Corporation (Books)
- Michael Hammer and James Champy (HarperCollins: 2011)
- Revives the concept of reengineering organizations, changing processes to radically alter the organization rather than less dramatic and effective measures such as automation and efficiency improvement.
- Relationship Marketing (Books)
- Martin Christopher et. al. (Taylor and Francis: 2002)
- An overview of relationship marketing and the customer value chain as an alternative to the organization-centric transactional approach.
- Retail Analytics: The Secret Weapon (Books)
- Emmett Cox (Wiley: 2012)
- Explores the use of customer data (primarily market basket data) as a means to analyse and influence consumer purchasing behavior.
- Strategic Management (Articles)
- Neil Ritson (Publisher: Ventus: 2008)
- An overview of topics in strategic management. Due to its brevity, it lacks much detail and seems a bit random, but it's a good overview nonetheless.
- Successful Business Intelligence (Books)
- Cindi Howson (McGraw-Hill: 2008)
- A high-level examination of recent trends in the use of technology to aggregate and analyze business data.
- Think Twice (Books)
- Considers some of the flaws in perception and procedure that cause otherwise intelligent people to make catastropic decisions.
Banking and Financial Services
(See financial products.)
Soft Skills
- Elements of Influence (Books)
- Terry R. Bacon (Amacom: 2012)
- A broad but shallow consideration of the various methods used to motivate the behavior of other people, primarily focused on the context of business.
- The Etiquette Edge (Books)
- Beverly Langford (Amacom: 2005)
- Etiquette covers a wide range of "people skills" that are critical to success at most levels of an organization.
- Find Out Anything: Secrets Of Calculated Questioning (Books)
- James O. Pyle (Career Press: 2014)
- A (rather too) fundamental approach to interrogation and questioning as a means to information gathering and discovery.
- How Intelligent People Lose Credibility (Books)
- Allen Weiner (Jossey-Bass: 2007)
- An exploration of the aspects of professional demeanor, including common mistakes that undermine credibility.
- Mastering Business Negotiation (Books)
- Roy J. Lewicki and Alexander Hiam (Bass: 2006)
- A broad theoretical approach to the four categories on negotiation: avoidance, accommodation, competition, and collaboration.
- The New Rules of Business Etiquette (Books)
- Judith Bowman (Career Press: 2007)
- A guide to etiquette in the present day, this book provides some good advice, though it should be approached with some caution.
- Resolving Conflict (Articles)
- A "report" that discusses, at a very high level, the nature of conflict and provides strategies and advice for constructive resolution.
- The Silent Language of Leaders (Books)
- Carol Kinsey Goman (Jossey-Bass: 2011)
- An argument that posture, gesture, tone, expressions, and other elements of nonverbal communication can support or undermine the ability to practice leadership.
- Workplace Negotiations (Books)
- Richard Luecke (AMA: 2002)
- A course guide that considers the tactics for negotiation in the context of ongoing working relationships.
- Your Mind and How to Use It (Books)
- William Walker Atkinson (Elizabeth Towne Co.: 1911)
- Written in 1911, this manual for developing the powers of the human mind prescribes many procedures that are upheld even by the science of the present day.
Economics & Finance
- Budgeting for Managers (Books)
- Sid Kemp and Eric Dunbar (McGraw-Hill: 2003)
- A guide to budgeting practices, processes, and procedures written for those who do not have a financial background.
- The Distribution of Wealth (Books)
- John Bates Clark (Macmillan: 1908)
- Considers the manner in which wealth generated in an economy is distribtued among industries, firms, and the factors of production.
- The Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (Books)
- Charles Babbage (Cambridge University Press :1832)
- Writing during the early industrial revolution, Babbage provides a number insights into the use of machinery that remain valuable to the present day.
- The Internet and American Business (Books)
- William Aspray and Paul E. Ceruzzi (MIT Press: 2008)
- A collection of articles intended to provide a broader perspective into the nature of the Internet and its impact on American business.
(Also see academic subjects.)
Loose Topics
- Budgeting for Managers (Books)
- Sid Kemp and Eric Dunbar (McGraw-Hill: 2003)
- A guide to budgeting practices, processes, and procedures written for those who do not have a financial background.
- Business Ethics: Mistakes and Successes (Books)
- Robert F. Hartley (John Wiley & Sons: 2005)
- This book presents a number of case studies that highlight some of the mistakes and successes of businesses as a method of illustrating ethical concepts.
- Creating Customer Value on the Digital Frontier (Books)
- B. Joseph Pine II and Kim C. Korn (Berrett-Koehler: 2011)
- A model for exploring ideas based on the methods by which digital technology enables users to have experiences outside the constraints of physical environment, tangible objects, and linear time.
- Contemporary Issues in Ethics and Information Technology (Articles)
- Robert A. Schultz (IGI: 2006)
- A discussion of "practical ethics" (in the sense of social contract) as applied to the information technology industry.
- Developing New Products and Services (Books)
- Lawrence Sanders (BE Press: 2011)
- A brief look at the process of developing ideas for products and services.
- Six Immutable Laws of Mobile Business (Books)
- Philip Sugai, Marco Koeder and Ludovico Ciferri (Wiley: 2009)
- Considers trends in mobile in Japan from both the business and consumer perspective, some of which may be relevant to the global market.
- The Laws of Simplicity (Articles)
- John Maeda (MIT Press: 2006)
- Ten principles that are geared toward eliminating the unnecessary complexity and clutter in product design.
- Manager's Guide to Social Media (Books)
- Scott Klososky (McGraw-Hill: 2011)
- A hash of topics that a manager should consider when using social media - personally, for his subordinates, and for his firm. Light on support, but food for through nonetheless.
- Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (Books)
- Hugo Munsterberg (Riverside Press: 1913)
- Written in 1913, this exploration into the potential of psychology to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of operations, human resources, marketing, and business in general offers a number of perspectives that remain applicable to the present day.
- Social Nation: How to Harness the Power of Social Media (Books)
- Barry Libert (Wiley & Sons: 2010)
- An overview of networking that, while somewhat tainted by cheerleading and self-promotion, offers some interesting insights on encouraging the input and participation the groups of people who interact with a firm.
- Socialnomics (Books)
- Erik Qualman (Wiley: 2011)
- A fanboy's case for the impact of social media on commercial activities that, while melodramatic and distorted, presents some food for thought.