8 - Identifying Arguments
In ordinary usage, an "argument" is a dispute between people. In logic, it is merely an arrangement of statements in which some are used to substantiate or prove the other.
A fairly simple argument is "it is raining and you do not want to get wet, therefore you should carry an umbrella." The conclusion follows the premises that are given.
In logic, the use of premises differentiate an argument from a statement of opinion - a thing is not accepted simply because it is said, but because there is a chain of logical proof. The same differentiates a logical person, who thinks through a problem, from a dogmatic one, who merely insists he is right.
Identifying Premises and Conclusions
The author shows how arguments are presented - as a list of premises before a final statement, which is the conclusion. He suggests using this standard format to outline your argument, as it helps to present in a manner that is most readily understood.
In verbal and written argument, the premises and conclusions are not often laid out so directly and explicitly, and must be identified. The conclusion is likely the most important point of an argument, and everything else is discussed in relation to it.
English is also replete with words that people use to demonstrate the connection of premise to conclusion: therefore, because, thus, proves, shows, and the like indicate that one part functions as premise and the other as conclusion. (EN: The author provides a spreadsheet of such terms, I am not replicating them here).
The thrust of an argument may be presented before its premises or after them.
Extracting and Formulating Arguments
Real-world arguments are rather messy - people meander about, toss in irrelevant information, get caught up in their own emotions, and otherwise muddy the waters. They want you to accept their argument, but do a thoroughly rotten job of presenting it. As such, you will need to develop the skill to identify and extract the argument among the clutter.
The author pulls a passage from a Web site, in which the author is trying to present an argument (badly). He glances t the top and bottom to find the argument (the statement the author wants the reader to agree with) and then uses words and phrases that connect premises to an argument, then considers whether there's anything of substance in whatever is left over.
By doing this, you can better understand the arguments people are attempting to make and note how their flaws become obvious when you untangle their words. Or, when their case is well made, you have a clear indication of the reasons you find it compelling.